Biological control of emerging forest diseases: How can we move from dreams to reality?
نویسندگان
چکیده
Biological control (BC) is defined as the use of living natural enemies, antagonists, or competitors (biological agents) to other organisms. In second half last century, general interest in BC has increased considerably because greater environmental awareness society and implementation integrated pest management (IPM) strategies have pushed towards development environmentally friendly approaches. However, still only rarely used for pathogens (fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, phytoplasmas) forest trees. Here, we present discuss biological specificities both hosts fungal which may account this situation. To increase likelihood success, suggest a holistic approach involving top-down regulators, amensalists, all exerting pressure on pathogen, well bottom-up forces helping host (e.g., endophytes, mycorrhiza). Moreover, mitigate emerging diseases should be fully into sustainable strategies. Finally, propose guidelines developing an efficient
منابع مشابه
How can we enhance the value of laboratory tests?
Today, the pressures on the healthcare systems for the controlling of the costs are extreme and all sectors try to demonstrate the value of their services by justifying the activities and expenditures so the value can be describe in terms like quality, efficiency, effectiveness, patient satisfaction, cost effectiveness .The value of the lab testing is generally directed to their costs and the c...
متن کاملLearning Robots to Move: Biological Control Concepts
The basic functionality of mobile (e.g., walking, climbing, brachiation) robots is to perform point-to-point movements. There are continuously increasing performance requirements for higher speed, better positioning accuracy and lower energy consumption. It may become difficult to meet them applying only conventional control design methods. It is very important to find methods to learn humanoid...
متن کاملWhy move the eyes if we can move the head?
To see while moving is a very basic and integrative sensorimotor function in vertebrates. To maintain visual acuity, the oculomotor system provides efficient compensatory eye movements for head and visual field displacements. Other types of eye movement allow the selection of new visual targets and binocular vision and stereopsis. Motor and premotor neuronal circuits involved in the genesis and...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Forest Ecology and Management
سال: 2021
ISSN: ['0378-1127', '1872-7042']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119377